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- FACT SHEET: MAGELLAN SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
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- Astronomical imaging is traditionally done with optical
- instruments. There have been spectacular results using optical
- scanning instruments on spacecraft such as Voyager. The
- traditional approach is useless at Venus, however, where thick
- clouds obscure the surface.
- The longer wavelengths of radar are needed for the Magellan
- mission for successful imaging and a new approach, specifically a
- synthetic aperture radar, is needed to acquire fine resolution
- images.
- Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is sometimes called imaging
- radar, or side-looking radar because it looks at its target to
- one side of the radar track. It is a technique that uses many
- radar echoes gathered over an extended interval to sharpen, or
- increase, the resolution. SAR relies heavily on ground-based
- computers and otherwise differs significantly from real aperture
- radar in which each echo is processed by itself.
- SAR technique involves mounting the radar on a moving
- platform, an aircraft or spacecraft, and directing the radar
- energy in the form of short pulses with a highly directional
- antenna to the side.
- The direction along the track of motion is called azimuth
- and the direction across the track of motion is called range.
- The radar energy is sent out in short pulses and the echoes
- are recorded in the dead time between transmissions. Resolution
- is improved in the azimuth direction because of the movement of
- the radar antenna. While one echo looks very much the same as the
- next if observed on an oscilloscope, the echoes have subtle
- differences due to the motion of the antenna between echoes.
- This motion causes an effect similar to a train whistle
- pitch change as it passes by. This pitch or frequency change is
- called the Doppler frequency and is used to sharpen the
- resolution in azimuth.
- The resolution the Magellan SAR will achieve at Venus will
- range from about 120 meters to 300 meters. The best resolution,
- down to 120 meters, will be at and near periapsis, about 10
- degrees north of the equator.
- SAR sends out several thousand pulses of radio energy each
- second at the speed of light (186,200 miles per second) as it
- moves along its path. The Magellan SAR is designed to illuminate
- a target swath 20 kilometers (12 miles) wide as Venus rotates
- slowly on its axis below it.
- Venus rotates in a retrograde direction (that is opposite
- from the rotation of the Earth and most of the other planets) and
- one Venus rotation takes 243 Earth days.
- The swaths will slightly overlap as Magellan orbits Venus.
- The imaging swaths will be made at an altitude of 275 kilometers
- (171 miles) at its closest approach, or periapsis, out to 2,400
- kilometers (1,491 miles) at the ends of each swath.
- Magellan will look at each target area a minimum of four
- times from which will be constructed a two-dimensional radar
- image from three characteristics of each radar pulse:
- --The time the signal takes to make the round trip between
- the transmitter and the target.
- --The Doppler shift, a measurement of relative motion that
- is similar to a change in pitch, measured as the radar and target
- pass each other.
- --The brightness, or reflectivity, of each component, added
- to a geometric grid to complete the image.
- These factors are brought together and defined by a
- computer.
- There is another way to look at it. The SAR takes advantage
- of the spacecraft's motion to create a synthetic aperture many
- times its actual size. It collects many echoes as it moves along.
- As it moves along its path, it looks at the target at an
- angle toward the side which extends the size of the beam, or
- footprint.
- At the same time, the altimeter looks straight down with a
- separate antenna to determine the elevation of ground features.
- The large antenna used for SAR has one more function. It
- also acts as a radiometer. In this passive mode it observes the
- natural thermal emissions of the surface. This will aid
- scientists in determining the composition of surface material.
- The altimeter antenna is fixed to the spacecraft separate
- from, but adjacent to, the large SAR antenna. The horn-like
- antenna generates a fan beam about 10 by 30 degrees along the
- spacecraft's ground track. It is offset 25 degrees from the SAR
- antenna and a portion of the beam always looks straight down
- despite variations in the SAR look-angle which ranges from 15
- degrees to 45 degrees.
- The altimeter resolution will be about 30 meters. The
- altimeter measures the echo time, and therefore the distance,
- between the radar and the surface below the radar. Many altimeter
- systems send out a signal and wait for the echo. Because of the
- orbital altitude and need to improve the signal strength, the
- Magellan radar altimeter sends 17 pulses and listens for their
- return.
- The altimeter footprint is usually very broad, 20 to 55
- kilometers (12 to 34 miles). The data from the altimeter are
- combined with the spacecraft's position to produce a topography
- map which represents the height above the mean planetary surface.
- The SAR generates large volumes of data compared with almost
- any other space data system. The data are buffered and stored in
- the radar and the spacecraft for playback to Earth later in the
- orbit.
- The radar data comes into the digital portion of the radar
- electronics in bursts of 36 million bits per second (Mbps) and
- are buffered down to a constant rate of 800 thousand bits per
- second (kbps). These data are recorded and played back to Earth
- at 268.8 kbps.
- The SAR data are stored on two multi-track digital recorders
- for playback. The data storage capacity of the two digital tape
- recorders is about 1.8 billion bits.
- In one orbit, Magellan will look at a swath 160 degrees from
- north to south, acquiring 1.7 billion bits of data. Magellan will
- make a total of 1,852 orbits during its 243 Earth days of primary
- mission.
- Magellan will send back more data than has been acquired in
- all previous space missions.
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- 7/9/90jjd
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